Whitfield died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on 11 September , 18 months after his initial cancer diagnosis. Whitfield died on Sunday in Sydney, Australia, 18 months after being diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, his family and manager said. On 9 September , Queen Elizabeth II, having previously surpassed her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria, in , to become the longest-lived British monarch, became the longest-reigning British monarch.
A regnal name, or regnant name or reign name, is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and, subsequently, historically. If a monarch reigns in more than one realm, he or she may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. Vajpayee was succeeded by Manmohan Singh, whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between and The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Morocco, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and in parliamentary republics, in which the head of state is an ….
As the Constitution Act requires general elections every 3 years, this is the maximum period of time that a prime minister can serve without their mandate being renewed. No directly set terms, but the Prime Minister must maintain the support of the House of Commons, which by statute has a maximum term of 4 years. The Prime Minister of India will be drawing a monthly salary of Rs. His basic salary will be Rs 50,, with a sumptuary allowance of Rs.
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Julius Caesar was a renowned general, politician and scholar in ancient Rome who conquered the vast region of Gaul and helped initiate the end of the Roman Republic when he became dictator of the Roman Empire. Despite his brilliant military prowess, his political skills and his Known for his philosophical interests, Marcus Aurelius was one of the most respected emperors in Roman history.
He was born into a wealthy and politically prominent family. Growing up, Marcus Aurelius was a dedicated student, learning Latin and Greek. But his greatest Greek philosophy and rhetoric moved fully into Latin for the first time in the speeches, letters and dialogues of Cicero B. A brilliant lawyer and the first of his family to achieve Roman office, Cicero was one of the In B. He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian Live TV.
This Day In History. History Vault. Recommended for you. How the Union Defended Washington, D. During the Civil War. The coins show this very clearly.
Just a few months after the first coins find their way into circulation, a second coin is released. The new coin still includes Agrippina, but she has now moved into the background. She no longer holds the same significance she did at the beginning of Nero's reign. A few months later she has vanished from the currency altogether. Her declining influence, and the looming conflict with her son, are clearly visible on the faces of Rome's coins.
Nero is an ambitious emperor with progressive ideas, building public baths and markets for his subjects. Nero is at the Baiae resort on the Gulf of Pozzuoli, north of Naples, where ancient Rome's rich and famous go to escape the city. He has supposedly invited his mother to Baiae so they can share a meal and resolve their differences. Tacitus writes that Nero accompanies Agrippina as she leaves his palace in Baiae.
His last glimpse of his condemned mother touches his cold heart. According to their descriptions, Nero has a trusted assistant prepare Agrippina's yacht with a trap door that will open and sweep her out to sea. Cassius Dio writes the mechanism would then close and the boat would continue sailing, as though nothing had happened Nero could easily have disguised a crime on the ship. As Tacitus wrote, "Nothing allowed of accidents so much as the sea. Let us follow the evidence to determine whether the story told by the writers would stand up in court.
The aim of the experiment is to determine what kind of modifications would have been necessary to create an opening in the ship that someone could fall through. The experts are certain that trapdoors would have been the only possibility, and they install two flaps at the stern of the model. One opens inward, while the other opens out into the water.
The door opening into the ship would have let water flow in immediately, stopping anyone from falling out and also quickly sinking the ship. Approximately 2 tons would have been required to force the door open, but that would have sunk the ship before it ever left the harbor. Water would have flooded in and sunk the ship.
Martin Zimmermann "Telling the truth" didn't mean providing descriptions or reconstructions of events that were one hundred percent accurate. Rather, the story had to be told well, and had to be built around a sweet center that increased the appetite and the attention of the readers.
Efforts to tell a good story have made it difficult for modern-day experts to determine the truth. And that is an important point: it is literature, rather than a scientific approach to history. Its primary purpose was to be exciting. To the people of the time, this was the pinnacle of writing: stylistically sophisticated, excitingly told and attractively presented.
Cassius Dio claims that Nero has his mother's dead body uncovered so he can examine it himself, while Tacitus questions whether this is really true Martin Zimmermann There were no witnesses. We know that Agrippina was killed, but it is impossible to recreate the details of her death, which is why, in antiquity, this story was invented and passed on to create a particularly dramatic tale of how a son killed his mother.
Whether Nero gave the order to kill his mother or she died by other means, her death, and the rumors surrounding it, were a burden Nero carried for the rest of his life and beyond.
The writers' horrifying stories about Agrippina's death continue to shape perceptions of Nero to this day. In summary, there are reports that Nero had his mother murdered, but there is no material evidence, and there are no convincing leads. Rome, the summer of 64 A. The city is in flames…again. The blaze spreads faster and farther than any before it. We have been forced to accept that the writers were prepared to write down their own versions of the truth — for whatever reasons.
But what really happened in the days and nights while Rome burned? The fire starts late in the evening near the Circus Maximus, a popular night-time haunt in ancient Rome. The inferno rages for 9 days. Excavations have confirmed the blaze affected two-thirds of the city.
The rapid spread of the fire and the scale of destruction immediately give rise to rumors of arson. Was it the work of arsonists who set fires in various locations, or was a spark enough to cause the blaze? On this July day, the city is in the grip of a heat wave.
There has been no rain for days, even weeks. A small mishap like an overturned oil lamp would have been enough to start a fire that moved quickly, the flames igniting the wooden walls and furnishings.
Once the fire burns the length of the Circus, it moves into an area of densely built apartment blocks. The center of the city is soon in ashes, as are the imperial palaces located close to where the fire starts. Nero's palace is among those destroyed, making it impossible for him to have stood on the roof, serenading the blaze. Marcus Reuter I think that the story of Nero rushing back to Rome to serenade the burning city from the roof of his palace can safely be classified as nothing more than a myth.
The claim that Nero had the fire started to make room for his new palace doesn't stand up to examination either. Marcus Reuter If Nero really had wanted to find space to build his new palace, he would have had any number of other possibilities.
He could have simply confiscated properties and had buildings torn down. It is more likely that the fire started by accident. Marcus Reuter He oversees the firefighting efforts, he proves himself a ruler concerned for his people, he has the parks opened for the homeless, he ensures there is sufficient grain.
Essentially, he fulfils all the expectations the Roman populace has in this situation, which absolutely does not conform to the image of an insane, power-hungry tyrant. Indeed, he sounds more like a reasonable, responsible ruler. Even Tacitus, the only one of the three writers alive during the disaster, credits Nero with effective crisis management.
The emperor remains in Rome while the city burns and helps coordinate the rescue efforts, visiting those affected. In order to save sections of the Roman capitol, Nero has firebreaks cut through the streets. Marcus Reuter After the fire, Nero proves himself to be a forward-thinking statesman. He orders the implementation of construction regulations designed to prevent a repeat of the catastrophe Rome has just experienced.
For example, he mandates that fire-resistant materials be used during reconstruction, and that there must be sufficient space between the buildings. The Rome that rises from the ruins has far wider streets, and Nero's fire-safety regulations remain in place into late antiquity. But, immediately after the blaze, rumors surface that the fire was caused by arson, and that the emperor may be responsible.
Martin Zimmermann In order to quell the accusations levelled at him, Nero had to find someone to hold responsible for the Great Fire of Rome. Some in his inner circle suggested that the Christians would make ideal scapegoats. He is said to have had hundreds of innocent Christians brutally put to death, the first persecution of Christians in history…. Eventually, the emperor settles on a new religious sect that is widely disliked and seems to have a motive.
The same applies to the Great Fire of Rome. But why were the Christians targeted? What was their significance in ancient Rome? What were their goals? They have strange rituals: burying their dead in catacombs, belief in a single god, refusing to believe in the divine nature of the emperor, all of which are counter to Roman custom. Christian religious history has often censored, exaggerated or falsified facts. The same applies to Nero's alleged "persecution of Christians. In addition to their unfamiliar practices, early Christians might have hoped for a disaster like the Great Fire.
Manfred Clauss In this early period, the Christians yearned for the end of the world — and yet it refused to arrive. The first Christians died, and there was still no indication of an approaching Armageddon. It is therefore easy to imagine that the early Christians celebrated an event such as the Great Fire of Rome as a signal that the end of the world was finally near.
Manfred Clauss Jesus told his apostles to follow him, and it was widely understood that he also meant in death, and in the manner of death. Jesus Christ was executed by the Romans. Accordingly, the early Christians would have considered their execution at the hands of the Romans an honorable death.
In this context, it made sense to claim responsibility for the fire, accept blame and be executed in order to get into heaven.
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